Campbell Biology Concepts & Connections Practice Test

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• Which metabolic pathway splits glucose into pyruvate, generating ATP and NADH in the cytosol?
• What term describes a mutation that changes a single nucleotide but does not change the amino acid produced?
• Meiosis reduces chromosome number by half.
• DNA stands for?
• In the Calvin cycle, what molecule is fixed to begin carbon fixation, and which enzyme catalyzes this step?
• A codon consists of how many nucleotides?
• Which mutation type is most likely to alter many amino acids downstream if it occurs early in a gene?
• What is the correct order of events in gene expression?
• What is the role of lysosomes in the cell?
• What is the gene pool in population genetics?
• What property of water allows it to resist temperature change and help regulate body temperature in organisms?
• Meiosis in a diploid organism produces haploid gametes that are genetically unique.
• In the sequence of steps of DNA replication, which enzyme adds complementary DNA nucleotides during replication?
• What signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA and depart from the gene?
• Which of the following is an example of an epigenetic modification?
• A mutation caused by inserting a single nucleotide into a coding sequence most likely results in which type of mutation?
• Which codons encode Histidine?
• In the described sickle cell mutation, which amino acid change occurs?
• Which organelle contains its own DNA and ribosomes and can replicate independently of the cell?
• Which macromolecule is primarily responsible for coding hereditary information and directing protein synthesis?
• What happens during DNA replication?
• Which base is used in RNA but not in DNA?
• Which mutation is a base-pair substitution that creates an early stop codon?
• Which statement correctly describes the bonds between amino acids in a protein and what determines the amino acid sequence?
• Nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acids.
• Which enzyme catalyzes the fixation of CO2 in the Calvin cycle?
• Rosalind Franklin contributed to understanding DNA structure by:
• During photosynthesis, which statement describes the first step of the electron flow?
• Which RNA molecule brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation?
• What is the function of aquaporins in cells?
• What is the key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells regarding nucleus and membrane-bound organelles?
• What best describes the peptide bond?
• Epigenetics refers to heritable changes in gene expression not caused by changes in the DNA sequence. Which of the following is an example of an epigenetic modification?
• In cellular respiration, which stage produces the most ATP?
• What is an anticodon?
• How do mitosis and meiosis differ in terms of genetic variation and chromosome number in daughter cells?
• A mutation that changes a codon to a stop codon is called what?
• What is RNA splicing?
• Which type of RNA forms the core of the ribosome and participates in ribosome assembly?
• Which scenario increases the effect of genetic drift?
• What is tRNA?
• DNA strands are oriented in opposite directions, a property known as what?
• Which term best describes the regulation of water and solute balance within an organism or cell?
• Which sequence correctly describes the electron flow from water to NADP+ in photosynthesis?
• Which scientists are credited with the discovery of the DNA double helix structure?
• Which amino acid is encoded by the codon AUG?
• What is the role of tRNA anticodons during translation?
• In population genetics, what is genetic drift and when is it most impactful?
• What molecule is reduced by NADP+ reductase during photosynthesis?
• Osmoregulation refers to which biological concept?
• Which DNA template sequence corresponds to the tryptophan codon in mRNA?
• What is the primary function of stomata in leaves?
• Which sequence best represents the central dogma of molecular biology?
• During DNA replication, which enzyme unwinds the double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds?
• Which statement about ribosome sizes is true?
• What is the role of DNA polymerase during DNA replication?
• Compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration in terms of oxygen use and ATP yield.
• What base pairs with Adenine in DNA?
• Which chromosome carries the sickle cell mutation?
• What is the primary evolutionary consequence of natural selection acting on heritable variation?
• Which stop codons signal termination of translation in mRNA?
• Which organelle is primarily involved in protein synthesis for secretion and is often studded with ribosomes?
• Which base forms a complementary pair with Guanine?
• Which cellular structure is primarily responsible for packaging, modifying, and sorting proteins for secretion?
• Which DNA template sequence corresponds to the methionine codon in mRNA?
• The Hershey-Chase experiment used which system to show that DNA is the genetic material?
• In which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
• Which term describes the process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by DNA from another strain?
• Which statement correctly contrasts prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication?
• During transcription, in which direction is the mRNA synthesized?
• Which feature most strongly contributes to membrane fluidity at moderate temperatures?
• What is the phenotype?
• Which gas is released as a byproduct of the light reactions?
• Which feature is true of prokaryotic replication?
• Which statement describes prokaryote DNA?
• What best defines a gene?
• Which mutation is defined as a base-pair substitution that results in a codon for a different amino acid?
• Which type of RNA forms the core of ribosomes along with proteins?
• What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
• Which statement about the genetic code is true?
• What are Okazaki fragments?
• After transcription, where is the mRNA typically transported for translation?
• Semiconservative replication results in each new DNA molecule containing what?
• Which process is a classic example of a catabolic pathway releasing energy?
• What role does chlorophyll play in photosynthesis?
• Chargaff's rule states that which pairing relation holds in DNA?
• Where are proteins destined for secretion or the plasma membrane typically synthesized?
• Which base listed is not a DNA base?
• What is the correct sequence of the steps in transcription and translation?
• Which statement describes eukaryotic DNA?
• What is mutation?
• Which description defines a concentration gradient and its effect on diffusion?
• In Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what conditions must be met to keep allele frequencies constant?
• How do prokaryotic ribosomes compare to eukaryotic ribosomes in size and composition?
• Which sequence best describes the central flow of genetic information in cells?
• What is genotype as defined in biology?
• What is the lagging strand?
• What is a bacteriophage?
• Which statement best describes eukaryotic DNA replication?
• In transcription, which molecule uses the DNA template to synthesize a complementary RNA strand?
• What happens to telomeres with each replication cycle?
• What does PCR do in molecular biology?
• Covalent bonds on DNA connect which components to form the backbone?
• Which statement best describes the orientation of DNA strands in the double helix?
• Which bacterial regulatory system controls metabolism of lactose and is a classic model of gene regulation?
• Which type of bond forms the backbone of DNA by linking sugar to phosphate?
• Which statement correctly describes the 5' end of a DNA strand?
• Where does glycolysis occur in a cell?
• What does the fluid mosaic model describe about cellular membranes, and which molecules diffuse most readily?
• Which enzyme adds nucleotides in the 3' direction during DNA replication?
• What is the shape of DNA?
• Which organelle is the primary site of ATP production in most eukaryotic cells?
• What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
• Which type of RNA forms part of ribosomes?
• What is mRNA?
• What principle is demonstrated by a dihybrid cross showing independent assortment?
• DNA is a polymer formed by joining nucleotides into long strands to form what?
• What structure did Watson and Crick help define for DNA?
• Which molecule is produced during transcription and serves as the template for translation?
• Which DNA template letters correspond to the amino acid methionine?
• What is the major chromosomal outcome of mitosis for daughter cells?
• Which of the following triplets signals termination of translation in mRNA?
• Which statement about CO2 fixation in the Calvin cycle is correct?
• Which hormone is primarily associated with the fight or flight response in humans?
• What term describes a chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation?
• What is the replication fork?
• Which tissue in plants transports water and minerals from roots to shoots?
• What is a codon?
• Which amino acid is encoded by the codon CGA?
• Which molecule carries amino acids to the ribosome during translation?
• Which type of RNA is the most abundant in cells?
• What does the genetic code describe?
• In eukaryotes, what processing does mRNA undergo before translation?
• Which phase of the cell cycle includes DNA replication?
• Where does replication occur in eukaryotic cells?
• What are the immediate products of CO2 fixation by Rubisco?
• What is the DNA template sequence that would produce the mRNA codon CGA during transcription?
• Which statement describes complementary base pairing in DNA?
• What does semiconservative replication mean?
• What is transcription?
• In mRNA processing in eukaryotes, which components are removed and which are joined?
• In bacteria, what is an operon?
• Which feature describes prokaryotic DNA replication?
• Which description best characterizes competitive inhibition of enzymes?
• Which enzyme reduces NADP+ to NADPH during photosynthesis?
• Pyrimidines in DNA are:
• What is the function of Rubisco in the Calvin cycle?
• What is reading frame?
• A mutation that changes a single nucleotide but does not affect the amino acid sequence is called what?
• What does anti-parallel mean in the structure of DNA?
• What is the ultimate product of a gene?
• What is the anticodon on tRNA that pairs with the codon AAA?
• Which RNA transports amino acids to the ribosome during translation?
• Purines are which bases?
• DNA is made of?
• Which is an example of positive feedback in biology?
• Avery's experiments identified which molecule as the genetic material responsible for transformation?
• Which components comprise a buffer system that resists changes in pH?
• What structure is created when a chromosome has been replicated and remains joined at the centromere?
• Which scientists are credited with the discovery that DNA has a double-helix structure using X-ray data?
• Purines are composed of which bases?
• Where is a promoter located and what is its function in transcription?
• Which statement correctly distinguishes catabolic and anabolic metabolic pathways?
• Which scientist discovered bacterial transformation?
• What is the function of the anticodon on tRNA?
• Which type of RNA carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome?
• Which enzyme connects fragments of DNA together in replication?
• What mutation shifts the reading frame by inserting or deleting a nucleotide?
• Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing RNA by using a DNA template during transcription?
• Which organelle would be most affected by a toxin that inhibits ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation?
• Which enzyme synthesizes RNA by using a DNA template during transcription?
• According to the Hershey-Chase experiments, which molecule carries genetic information in bacteriophages?
• What is produced when water molecules are split during the light reactions?
• Which option describes the telomere concept in replication?
• What is the leading strand?
• In energy transfer within an ecosystem, what happens to most of the energy as it moves to higher trophic levels?
• What is rRNA?
• Which statement about anabolic pathways is true?
• Which type of bonds stabilizes the DNA base pairs and allows strands to separate during replication?
• Which statement best contrasts the rough endoplasmic reticulum with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
• Which enzyme unzips DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds to separate the complementary bases during replication?
• What is the term for the way nucleotides are grouped into codons during translation?
• Which statement below correctly identifies the base-pairs in DNA?
• In describing a base substitution mutation, which option shows a single nucleotide change?
• Which DNA template letters correspond to the amino acid tryptophan?
• Which component is not part of a nucleotide?
• In eukaryotic cells, where does transcription take place?
• Which statement correctly distinguishes DNA and RNA in protein synthesis?
• A mutation that changes one codon to another codon encoding a different amino acid is called what?
• Which statement accurately describes the leading strand?
• During translation, what is formed by the amino acids carried by tRNA?
• Which enzyme unwinds the DNA double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds between strands?
• Which enzyme is responsible for joining nucleotides to form a DNA molecule during replication?